Andehit ndi Ketone onse ndi ma organic compounds omwe mu molekyulu amakhala ndi magulu ogwira ntchito, chifukwa aldehydes ndi -CH=O gulu ndi ketoni ndi -C=O-magulu ogwirizana mwachindunji ndi 2 hydrocarbon radicals.

Mukuwona: Ethanal ndi dzina lachinthu chomwe chili ndi fomula

Mukuwona: Ethanal ili ndi mankhwala

Kuwona: Ethanal ndi chiyani

Ndiye kodi mapangidwe ake enieni a Andehites ndi Ketoni ndi ati, ndipo ma aldehydes ndi ma ketoni amasiyana bwanji ndi ma hydrocarbon ena? Ndi magawo ati omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso momwe angakonzekere Andhit – Ketone? Tiyeni tipeze mwatsatanetsatane kudzera m’nkhani ili pansipa.

A. NDEHIT

I. Andehit – Tanthauzo, Gulu ndi Nomenclature

1. Kodi Andhit ndi chiyani?

– Tanthauzo: Aldehyde ndi organic pawiri yomwe molekyulu -CH = O imalumikizidwa ndi hydrocarbon radical, kwa H kapena kwa wina ndi mnzake.

Mapangidwe a aldehydes:

– Gulu la -CH=O ndi gulu logwira ntchito la aldehyde

Mwachitsanzo: H-CH=O formic aldehyde kapena methanol

CH3-CH=O acetic aldehyde kapena ethanel

C6H5-CH=O benzaldehyde

O=CH-CH=O oxalic aldehyde

General formula ya aldehydes:

• CxHyOz (x, y, z ndi manambala abwino; y ndi ofanana; 2 ≤ y ≤ 2x + 2 – 2z; z ≤ x): amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri polemba zochitika za kuyaka.

• CxHy(CHO)z kapena R(CHO)z: amagwiritsidwa ntchito polemba zomwe zimachitika pagulu la CHO.

• CnH2n+2-2k-z(CHO)z (k = chiwerengero cha p bond + nambala ya mphete): amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri polemba momwe H2, kuphatikiza Br2,…

2. Gulu la aldehydes

– Kutengera kapangidwe ka hydrocarbon radical, anthu amagawa ma aldehydes ndi ma ketoni m’mitundu itatu: yodzaza, yosasunthika komanso yonunkhira.

Mwachitsanzo: CH3-CH=OCH3−CH=O”> ndi yamtundu wa aldehyde wodzaza,

CH2=CH-CH=O ndi mtundu wa aldehyde wosaturated,

C6H5-CH=O ndi ya aldehydes onunkhira,

CH2-CO-CH3 ndi ketone yodzaza,

CH3-CO-C6H5 ndi ya ketone onunkhira …

3. Nomenclature – Momwe mungatchulire andhit

a) Dzina lina

– Dzina lina = Dzina lofananira la hydrocarbon + al

b) Dzina lodziwika

– Dzina lodziwika = aldehyde + Dzina la asidi lofanana

Dzina la asidi (m’malo mwa suffix “ic” ndi “aldehyde”)

*Chenjerani: HCHO yankho 37% → 40% amatchedwa: Formalin kapena formon.

II. Zakuthupi, mankhwala, kukonzekera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Andehit

1. Thupi la aldehydes

– HCHO yekha, CH3CHO ndi mpweya. Ma aldehydes otsala onse ndi zakumwa.

– Aldehyde imakhala ndi malo owira pang’ono kuposa mowa wa molekyulu yofanana koma yoposa ya hydrocarbon yokhala ndi ma atomu a C omwe ali mu molekyulu.

2. Mankhwala a aldehydes

a) Andehit amachitira ndi haidrojeni (andehit + H2)

R(KWA)x + xH2

R(CH2OH)x

*Chenjerani: Momwe ma aldehydes ndi H2: Ngati R ali ndi ma pi bond, H2 amawonjezedwa ku ma pi bond. Zomwe zimachitika ndi H2 zikuwonetsa kuti aldehyde ndi oxidizing.

b) Andehit imachita ndi AgNO3/NH3 (yotchedwa silver coating reaction)

R(CHO)x + 2xAgNO3 + 3xNH3 + xH2O → R(COONH4)x + xNH4NO3 + 2xAg

Zomwe zimachitika zikuwonetsa kuti aldehydes ndi othandizira kuchepetsa ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira aldehydes.

– Makamaka HCHO ili ndi zotsatirazi:

HCHO + 4AgNO3 + 6NH3 + 2H2O → (NH4)2CO3 + 4NH4NO3 + 4Ag

*Chenjerani: Zomwe zili pamwambazi zimagwira ntchito ku aldehydes popanda cholumikizira katatu. Ngati pali mgwirizano wapatatu kumapeto kwa dera, H ya C katatu imasinthidwanso ndi Ag.

– Mawonekedwe a magalasi opaka ma aldehydes:

+ Ngati nAg = 2nandaldehyde → aldehyde ndi imodzi yokha osati HCHO.

+ Ngati nAg = 4nandehit → aldehyde ndi yamtundu wosagwirizana kapena HCHO.

+ Ngati nAg> 2 osakaniza a aldehydes monofunctional, osakaniza ali HCHO.

+ Chiwerengero cha magulu CHO = nAg/2nandaldehyde (ngati palibe HCHO mu osakaniza).

– Zinthu zina zimatha kutenga nawo gawo pagalasi, kuphatikiza:

+ HCOOH ndi mchere wake kapena esters: HCOONa, HCOONH4, (HCOO) nR. Zinthu HCHO, HCOOH, HCOONH4 zimagwira ntchito zimangotulutsa zinthu zopanda organic.

+ Zonyansa zomwe zili ndi gulu logwira ntchito la CHO: shuga, fructose, maltose …

c) Aldehyde imakhala ndi oxidation reaction (andehit + O2)

* Oxidation wathunthu

CxHyOz + (x + y/4 – z/2)O2 → xCO2 + y/2H2O

– Ngati ma aldehydes atenthedwa ndipo nCO2 = nH2O, ma aldehydes amakhala odzaza, osagwira ntchito, komanso otseguka.

CnH2n+1CHO → (n + 1)CO2 + (n + 1)H2O

* Kusakwanira kwa okosijeni

R(KWA)x + x/2O2

R(COOH)x

– Pavuto la oxidizing aldehydes to acids, ndikofunikira kulabadira lamulo losunga misa pothana ndi vutoli.

d) Kuchita ndi Cu(OH)2 pa kutentha kwakukulu (aldehyde + Cu(OH)2)

R(CHO)x + 2xCu(OH)2↓ buluu → R(COOH)x + xCu2O↓ njerwa zofiira + 2xH2O

→ Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira ma aldehydes.

*Chenjerani: Zomwe zimachitika ndi Cu(OH)2 nthawi zambiri zimachitika mu sing’anga yamchere, kotero zomwe zimachitika zimatha kulembedwa motere:

R(CHO)x + 2xCu(OH)2 + xNaOH → R(COONA)x + xCu2O + 3xH2O

HCOOH, HCOOR, HCOOM, glucose, fructose, maltose nawonso amachita izi.

e) Kuchitapo kanthu ndi yankho la Br2 (aldehyde + Br2)

R(CHO)x + xBr2 + xH2O → R(COOH)x + 2xHBr

– Ngati aldehyde akadali ndi pi chomangira pa hydrocarbon base, kuwonjezereka kwa Br2 ku pi bond kudzachitika.

3. Kusintha kwa aldehydes

a) Makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mowa woyamba

R(CH2OH)x + xCuO

R(CHO)x + xCu + xH2O

b) Kukonzekera ndi mowa wosakhazikika

– Onjezani H2O ku C2H2:

C2H2 + H2O

CH3 FOR

– Hydrolysis ya esters ya ma alcohols oyenera osakhazikika (aldehyde + NaOH)

CH3COOCH=CH2 + NaOH → CH3COONA + CH3CHO

– Hydrolysis ya 1,1-dihalogen zotumphukira:

CH3-CHCl2 + 2NaOH → CH3CHO + 2NaCl + H2O

c) Zochitika zina zapadera

2CH3OH + O2

2HCHO + 2H2O

CH4 + O2

HCHO + H2O

2CH2=CH2 + O2

2CH3FOR

4. Kuzindikira Andethites

– Pangani mvula yonyezimira ndi AgNO3/NH3.

– Pangani njerwa zofiira zofiira ndi Cu(OH)2 kutentha kwambiri.

(HCHO yokhayo imakhudzidwa ndi yankho la Bromine lokhala ndi mpweya wa CO2 wotulutsidwa).

5. Kugwiritsa ntchito Andehit

– Formaldehyde imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga polyphenolformaldehyde (pulasitiki), yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga utoto ndi mankhwala.

– Njira yothetsera 37 – 40% ya formaldehyde m’madzi yotchedwa formaldehyde kapena formalin imagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyowetsa mitembo ya nyama, kuwotcha, kupha tizilombo, kupha tizilombo …

Acetaldehyde imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga asidi.

B. KETON

I. Ketones – tanthauzo, nomenclature

1. Matutuni ndi chiyani?

– Tanthauzo: Ketone ndi organic compound yomwe gulu logwira ntchito -C (= O) – limagwirizana mwachindunji ndi ma atomu a 2 C.

Mapangidwe a ma ketones ndi awa:

– Njira yayikulu ya monofunctional ketone ili ndi mawonekedwe: R1-CO-R2

Mwachitsanzo: CH3-CO-CH3 dimethyl ketone (acetone)

CH3-CO-C6H5 methyl phenyl ketone (acelophenone)

CH3-CO-CH = CH2 methyl vinyl ketone

2. Nomenclature – momwe mungatchulire ma ketoni

a) Dzina lina

– Dzina lina = Dzina la hydrocarbon + nambala yosonyeza malo C mu gulu CO + pa

b) Dzina loyambirira – mutu

– Dzina loyambirira = Dzina loyambirira R1, R2 + ketone

Mwachitsanzo: CH3-CO-CH3 dimethyl ketone (acetone)

CH3-CO-C6H5 methyl phenyl ketone (acelophenone)

II. Mankhwala katundu, ntchito ndi kukonzekera ketoni

1. Chemical Properties of Ketones

a) Zomwe zimachitika ndi H2/Ni, t0 imapanga mowa wachiwiri: (Keton + H2)

R1-CO-R2 + H2 R1-CHOH-R2

+ H2

– Ma Ketoni alibe mawonekedwe agalasi, osachita ndi Cu(OH)2 pa kutentha kwambiri, osasintha mitundu ya Bromine ngati aldehydes.

b) Kusinthana m’malo pa hydrocarbon radical pafupi ndi gulu la CO: (Keton + Br2)

CH3COCH3 + Br2 → CH3COCH2Br + HBr (ndi CH3COOH)

2. Ketone modulation

– Kwa mowa wachiwiri + CuO wotenthedwa:

RCHOHR’ + CuO RCOR’ + Cu + H2O

+ CuO CH3-CO-CH3 + H2O + Cu

– Kukonzekera mosadukiza ndi mowa wosakhazikika:

CH3COOC(CH3) = CH2 + NaOH → CH3COONA + CH3COCH3

– Oxidize cumene (C6H5CH(CH3)2) kuti apange acetone.

3. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Ma Ketoni

Acetone imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosungunulira popanga mankhwala ambiri.

Acetone ndiyenso poyambira pakupanga zinthu zina zambiri zofunika organic.

C. Andehit – Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi a Ketone

Phunziro 1 tsamba 203 Chemistry textbook 11: Kodi aldehyde ndi chiyani? Lembani mapangidwe a aldehydes okhala ndi formula ya C4H8O ndikuwatchula.

* Yankho la phunziro 1, tsamba 203 la buku la Chemistry 11:

– Mu ndondomeko ya maselo C4H8O, payenera kukhala gulu la aldehyde -CH = O, gulu logwira ntchitoli limagwirizana mwachindunji ndi atomu ya carbon (1) kapena atomu ya haidrojeni.

– CTCT ya aldehydes yokhala ndi chilinganizo cha maselo C4H8O ndi:

CH3-CH2-CH2-FOR : Butanal

kapena

: 2 – methylpropanal

Phunziro 3, tsamba 203 la Chemistry 11: Malizitsani zosintha zotsatirazi ndi ma chemical equation:

Methane → methyl chloride → methanol → methanol → formic acid

* Yankho la phunziro 3, tsamba 203 la buku la Chemistry 11:

Chemical equation ya mndandanda wakusintha:

CH4 + Cl2

CH3Cl + HCl

CH3Cl + NaOH CH3OH + NaCl

CH3OH + CuO HCHO + Cu + H2O

2HCHO + O2

2 HCOOH

Phunziro 4, tsamba 203 la Chemistry 11: Ikani 1,0 ml ya 5% formaldehyde solution ndi 1,0 ml ya 10.0% NaOH solution mu chubu choyesera, kenaka yikani njira ya CuSO4 dropwise ndikugwedezani bwino mpaka mphepo itawonekera. Kutenthetsa yankho lamphamvu kwambiri, onani mvula yofiyira ya njerwa ya Cu2O. Fotokozani zochitika zoyeserera ndikulemba ma equation amankhwala.

* Yankho la Phunziro 4, tsamba 203 la buku la Chemistry 11:

– Mukawonjezera yankho la CuSO4, mvula yobiriwira imawonekera:

2NaOH + CuSO4 → Cu(OH)2↓ + Na2SO4

– Mukawotcha kumtunda kwa chubu choyesera pamoto wa nyali ya mowa, phokoso lofiira la njerwa likuwonekera:

HCHO + 4Cu(OH)2 + 2NaOH → Na2CO3 + 2 Cu2O↓ zofiira za njerwa + 6H2O

Phunziro 5, tsamba 203 la Chemistry 11: Kwa 50.0 magalamu a acetic aldehyde solution, yankhani ndi yankho la AgNO3 mu NH3 (yokwanira) kuti mupeze 21.6 magalamu a Ag precipitate. Werengani % kuchuluka kwa acetic aldehyde mu yankho lomwe lagwiritsidwa ntchito.

* Yankho la Phunziro 5, tsamba 203 la buku la Chemistry 11:

– Equation of reaction

CH3CHO + 2AgNO3 + 3NH3 → CH3COONH4 + 2Ag↓ + 2NH4NO3

– Malingana ndi vutoli, tili ndi: nAg = m / M = 21.6/108 = 0.2 (mol).

– Malinga ndi PTFE tili: nCH3CHO = ½nAg = ½.0.2 = 0.1 (mol).

⇒ C%CH3CHO =

% = 8.8%

Phunziro 7 tsamba 203 Chemistry textbook 11: Chisakanizo cha 8.0 magalamu a osakaniza awiri otsatizana aldehydes mu homologous mndandanda wa ano zimalimbikitsa, monofunctional, lotseguka unyolo aldehydes amachitira ndi siliva nitrate mu ammonia njira (ndi owonjezera) kupeza mpweya wa 32.4 magalamu a siliva. Dziwani mtundu wa mamolekyulu, lembani kapangidwe kake ndikutchula ma aldehydes.

* Kufotokozera phunziro 7 patsamba 203 la buku la Chemistry 11:

– Lolani chilinganizo chonse cha aldehydes chikhale: (n≥0)

+ 2AgNO3 + 3NH3 →

+ 2Ag + 2NH4NO3

– Malinga ndi vuto, tili ndi: nAg = 32.4/108 = 0.3 (mol).

– Malinga ndi PTPU, tili ndi:

⇒ Avereji ya kuchuluka kwa aldehyde:

(kotero n=1 ndi n=2)

⇒ 2 zotsatizana ma aldehydes: CH3CHO (etanal) ndi C2H5CHO (etanal)

Phunziro 8, tsamba 204 Chemistry 11: Kusakwanira makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa ethylene (catalysed) kukonzekera acetic aldehyde kupeza osakaniza X. Bweretsani 2.24 malita a gasi X (kuchepetsedwa mpaka ktc) mu owonjezera siliva nitrate njira mu NH3 mpaka anachita wathunthu. 16.2 magalamu a mpweya precipitate anapezeka.

a. Lembani ma equation amakhemikali pazomwe zikuchitika.

Onaninso: Dzina la Chingerezi la Dipatimenti ya Apolisi ya Dkql Residency ndi Dlqg About Residential

b. Kuwerengera mphamvu ya ethylene oxidation.

* Yankho la phunziro 8 patsamba 204 la buku la Chemistry 11:

– Rection equation:

2CH2=CH2 + O2 → 2CH3CHO (1)

– Kusakaniza X kumaphatikizapo: CH2 = CH2 ndi CH3CHO

CH3CHO + H2O + 2AgNO3 + 3NH3 → CH3COONH4 + 2Ag↓ + 2NH4NO3 (2)

Malinga ndi nkhaniyi, tili ndi:

ndi

% = 75%

Phunziro 9 tsamba 204 Chemistry textbook 11: Unsaturated, open-chain chain X ili ndi misa peresenti ya C ndi H ya 66.67% ndi 11.11%, motero, ndipo 11.11% yotsala ndi O. Nthunzi ya X ku oxygen ndi 2.25

a. Pezani fomula ya mamolekyu a X

b. X samachita ndi yankho la AgNO3 mu NH3, koma pochita ndi haidrojeni, X1 imapangidwa. X1 imakumana ndi sodium kutulutsa haidrojeni. Lembani chilinganizo ndi dzina la pawiri X?

* Yankho la phunziro 9 patsamba 204 la buku la Chemistry 11:

a) Malinga ndi vuto, tili ndi: % O = 100% – %C – %H = 100% – 66.67% – 11.11% = 22.22%